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    COMMUNICATIONS THEORIES & SYSTEMS
  • COMMUNICATIONS THEORIES & SYSTEMS
    An Xudong, Yin Mengru, Li Wenyu, Qu Meijun, Sun Siyang
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    For 5G millimeter wave (mm-Wave) user equipments (UEs), all test cases must be evaluated in Over-The-Air (OTA) manner. Test time increases dramatically compared to Sub-6 GHz. Therefore, test time reduction is of great significance for 5G mm-Wave OTA testing. Among all test cases, beam peak search is the most time-consuming, taking up the majority of the overall test time. Therefore, the objective of this work is to determine a suitable beam peak search grid for 5G mm-Wave UEs with satisfactory accuracy and efficiency. Through radiation property investigation of 5G mm-Wave commercial UEs, more reasonable reference array configuration (4$\times$2) and reference deployment scenario (composite beam) are proposed for beam peak search grid analysis. The effect of different grid configurations on beam peak search precision are characterized quantitatively. The determination of associated measurement uncertainty (MU) term along with quantitative analysis approach are proposed based on statistical analysis. Finally, the recommended minimum number of beam peak search grid points is 182 based on the proposed 4$\times$2 array under composite beam scenario. Compared with currently-required 1106 points in 3GPP / CTIA specifications, over 80% reduction can be achieved without increasing the MU limit. The feasibility of the proposed MU analysis as well as the recommended grids is demonstrated through measurements.
  • COMMUNICATIONS THEORIES & SYSTEMS
    Cui Chen, Xiang Wei, Ma Siwei, Guo Qing
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    Mobile communications are reaching out to every aspect of our daily life, necessitating high-efficiency data transmission and support for diverse data types and communication scenarios. Polar codes have emerged as a promising solution due to their outstanding error-correction performance and low complexity. Unequal error protection (UEP) involves non-uniform error safeguarding for distinct data segments, achieving a fine balance between error resilience and resource allocation, which ultimately enhancing system performance and efficiency. In this paper, we propose a novel class of UEP rateless polar codes. The codes are designed based on matrix extension of polar codes, and elegant mapping and duplication operations are designed to achieve UEP property while preserving the overall performance of conventional polar codes. Superior UEP performance is attained without significant modifications to conventional polar codes, making it straightforward for compatibility with existing polar codes. A theoretical analysis is conducted on the block error rate and throughput efficiency performance. To the best of our knowledge, this work provides the first theoretical performance analysis of UEP rateless polar codes. Simulation results show that the proposed codes significantly outperform existing polar coding schemes in both block error rate and throughput efficiency.
  • COMMUNICATIONS THEORIES & SYSTEMS
    Li Leran, Liu Yuan, Yuan Ye, Xiahou Wenqian, Chen Maonan
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    Differential pulse-position modulation (DP PM) can achieve a good compromise between power and bandwidth requirements. However, the output sequence has undetectable insertions and deletions. This paper proposes a successive cancellation (SC) decoding scheme based on the weighted levenshtein distance (WLD) of polar codes for correcting insertions/deletions in DPPM systems. In this method, the WLD is used to calculate the transfer probabilities recursively to obtain likelihood ratios, and the low-complexity SC decoding method is built according to the error characteristics to match the DPPM system. Additionally, the proposed SC decoding scheme is extended to list decoding, which can further improve error correction performance. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can effectively correct insertions/deletions in the DPPM system, which enhances its reliability and performance.
  • COMMUNICATIONS THEORIES & SYSTEMS
    Ali Asghar Haghighi
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    A terrestrial relay-aided reconfigurable in-telligent surface (RIS) system with decode, re-encode and forward (DRF) relaying scheme is presented where the RIS effectively contributes to both source-to-destination and relay-to-destination signaling. While in the conventional decode and forward (DF) relaying scheme, the source signal is merely duplicated in the relay and the time intervals are equally allocated to the source and relay nodes, this paper considers DRF relaying scheme where versatile time-sharing is adopted for the source and relay nodes which can be optimized based on the relative coordinates of the involved nodes. Two protocols namely unidirectional connection (UC) and bidirectional connection (BC) are proposed based on the source awareness from the relay's successful reception. The outage probability (OP) performance for both protocols and both DF and DRF relaying schemes is analyzed and tight approximations are obtained. The numerical results show the out-performance of the DRF over the DF relaying scheme in the both UC and BC protocols. Equipped with the obtained system OP, the system throughput is defined and the optimum system throughput is obtained by optimizing the system rate and the time-sharing between the source and the relay. Analytical results are corroborated in the numerical examples.
  • COMMUNICATIONS THEORIES & SYSTEMS
    Zeng Linzhou, Liao Xuewen, Xie Wenwu, Ma Zhangfeng, Xiong Baiping, Jiang Hao
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    (Quasi-)closed-form results for the statistical properties of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) air-to-ground channels are derived for the first time using a novel spatial-vector-based method from a three-dimensional (3-D) arbitrary-elevation one-cylinder model. The derived results include a closed-form expression for the space-time correlation function and some quasi-closed-form ones for the space-Doppler power spectrum density, the level crossing rate, and the average fading duration, which are shown to be the generalizations of those previously obtained from the two-dimensional (2-D) one-ring model and the 3-D low-elevation one-cylinder model for terrestrial mobile-to-mobile channels. The close agreements between the theoretical results and the simulations as well as the measurements validate the utility of the derived channel statistics. Based on the derived expressions, the impacts of some parameters on the channel characteristics are investigated in an effective, efficient, and explicable way, which leads to a general guideline on the manual parameter estimation from the measurement description.
  • COMMUNICATIONS THEORIES & SYSTEMS
    Niu Xianhua, Ma Jiabei, Zhou Enzhi, Wang Yaoxuan, Zeng Bosen, Li Zhiping
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    As an important resource in data link, time slots should be strategically allocated to enhance transmission efficiency and resist eavesdropping, especially considering the tremendous increase in the number of nodes and diverse communication needs. It is crucial to design control sequences with robust randomness and conflict-freeness to properly address differentiated access control in data link. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical access control scheme based on control sequences to achieve high utilization of time slots and differentiated access control. A theoretical bound of the hierarchical control sequence set is derived to characterize the constraints on the parameters of the sequence set. Moreover, two classes of optimal hierarchical control sequence sets satisfying the theoretical bound are constructed, both of which enable the scheme to achieve maximum utilization of time slots. Compared with the fixed time slot allocation scheme, our scheme reduces the symbol error rate by up to 9%, which indicates a significant improvement in anti-interference and eavesdropping capabilities.
  • COMMUNICATIONS THEORIES & SYSTEMS
    Xu Yu, Wang Zhenyong, Cui Chen, Guo Qing
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    In this paper, we propose a random access scheme termed sign-compute diversity slotted ALO-HA (SCDSA). The SCDSA scheme combines diversity transmission with compute-and-forward. Without considering the capture effect and multiple user detection techniques, our scheme can reach a high throughput of 0.98 without feedback under finite frame size settings, where the upper bound on performance is 1. Moreover, a lower bound on throughput performance is derived, which is tight in some parameter settings and can be used to approximate theoretical performance. Simulation results validate our analysis and confirm the advantages of our proposed scheme.
  • COMMUNICATIONS THEORIES & SYSTEMS
    Wang Qing, Zhang Zhaolei, Liu Yu, Ren Yi
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    The smart meter communication system has substantial application value for the construction and upgrading of the entire power system. The deployment of the transmitter (Tx) of the smart meter system in the residential scenarios is vexed by the need for more theoretical support. This paper mainly studies the communication channel between the Tx at semi-basement and receiver (Rx) at outdoor. The design of an effective communication system relies on an accurate understanding of channel characteristics. Channel measurements and ray-tracing channel modeling are conducted to obtain channel data. The influence of different positions at same semi-basement is studied. Typical channel characteristics are analyzed, such as power delay profile (PDP), power angular profile (PAP), root-mean-square (RMS) delay spread (DS), channel capacity, received power, and path loss. The influence of different semi-basement placements and different floor heights is also compared. Besides, the channel measurements and simulation data fit well, which can illustrate the validity and reliability of the acquired channel data. This paper can provide theoretical support for the design and optimization of smart meter communication systems in semi-basement scenarios.
  • COMMUNICATIONS THEORIES & SYSTEMS
    He Xiandeng, Shu Kai, Yi Yunhui
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    The orthogonal time frequency space (OT- FS) modulation is a novel modulation scheme that can effectively cope with the high Doppler expansion caused by high mobility. Since it modulates data on delay-Doppler (DD) domain and makes full use of the sparse characteristics of DD domain, it has been widely studied to design efficient channel estimation and signal detection schemes. In this paper, we design a novel superimposed pilot pattern with transition band, which replaces the traditional embedded pilot (EP) guard zero-symbols, and perform a two-stage channel estimation. In the first stage, we fully utilize the dispersion characteristics of OTFS signal in DD domain, and use threshold decision to make coarse channel estimation. In the second stage, we use the results of the coarse estimation for iterative signal detection and accurate channel estimation. During the second stage, we make full use of the sparsity of the channel in DD domain, remodel the received signal into the form of sparse channel vector multiplied by channel coefficient matrix, and introduce Doppler index segmentation factor (DISF) to subdivide the Doppler index to solve the problem of fractional Doppler. Simulations reveal that, the scheme proposed in this paper has higher spectral efficiency compared with traditional EP scheme and lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) compared with traditional superimposed pilot scheme.
  • NETWORKS & SECURITY
  • NETWORKS & SECURITY
    Hu Jingjing, Li Yu, Sun Yuanhang, Yu Bo, Liu Qinrang, Wu Jiangxing
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    Fault-tolerant systems are crucial for ensuring the reliability and availability of mission-critical applications in modern computing environments. The dynamic heterogeneous redundancy (DHR) architecture is a key component in constructing fault-tolerant systems, particularly in areas such as national security, power networks, and banking private networks. DHR is transforming the cyberspace security industry chain by accommodating a broader range of applications and increasingly capturing the market. However, the development of applications for DHR architecture encounters challenges due to the complexities of handling heterogeneity, managing dynamism, and maintaining usability. To address these issues, we introduce MimicStudio, a comprehensive development framework with a standardized workflow. To our knowledge, MimicStudio is the first effective solution for DHR software development. We present a detailed implementation of MimicStudio with a heterogeneous microcontroller unit project, encompassing three CPUs with different instruction set architectures. The paper evaluates MimicStudio's support for essential features, including zero-copy synchronization, parallelized build, multi-core collaborative debugging, and dynamic adjustment of the software system's structure. Our results show that MimicStudio provides a flexible and efficient solution for supporting the dynamic, heterogeneous, and redundant features of fault-tolerant systems.
  • NETWORKS & SECURITY
    Wang Hucheng, Liu Liang, Chen Shanzhi, Ji Junwei, Xu Hui
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    As investigated by 3GPP, support of UPF (user plane function) onboard satellite can reduce the latency of communications via satellite, and then it becomes a key enhancement in 5G network integrating with satellite communication. However, current 5G system cannot support UPF onboard LEO (low earth orbit) satellites, as it would face challenges like UPF mobility handling, synchronization between mobile network and satellite network, and condition of activating local data switching. To solve such challenges, this paper proposes a solution to support UPF onboard LEO satellite, which consists of enhanced network architecture, I-UPF (intermediate UPF) based local data switching scheme and communication latency based data path selection. We subsequently develop analytic models for performance evaluation and conduct simulations using the constellation configuration of iridium II. The simulation results show that the data switching via I-UPF onboard LEO satellite can reduce E2E (end to end) packet delivery latency and E2E packet loss ratio significantly compared with that of routing the data back to 5GC on the ground. The proposed scheme yet has increased signaling cost for handling UPF mobility.els, compared with existing similar companding algorithms.
  • NETWORKS & SECURITY
    Li Hongguang, Liu Yaoqi, Shi Jinglin, Zhou Yiqing, Qian Manli
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    LEO satellite communication systems have the characteristics of high-speed and periodic movement. The handover of user link occurs frequently, which has a serious impact on user terminal application and system capacity. To address this issue, we propose a handover strategy of LEO satellite user terminal based on multi-attribute and multi-point (MAMP) cooperation. Firstly, the satellite-user-time matrix is established by using the satellite constellation coverage and handover model. Then, combined with the visual time and signal quality, the user access matrix and satellite load matrix are extracted to determine the weight equation of the handover strategy with the channel reservation. According to the system modeling simulation, the algorithm improves the handover success rate by 2.5%, the lasted call access success rate by 3.2%, the load balancing degree by 20%, and the robustness by two orders of magnitude.
  • NETWORKS & SECURITY
    Fu Shu, Zeng Wen, Yin Liuguo, Zhao Lian
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    Efficient energy utilization in covert communication sustains covertness while assuring communication quality and efficiency. This paper investigates covert communication energy efficiency (EE) in direct uplink satellite-ground communications, focusing on enhancing system EE via optimized transmit beamforming and satellite orbit altitude selection. This paper first establishes an optimization problem to maximize system EE in a direct uplink satellite-ground covert communication scenario. To solve this non-convex optimization problem, it is decomposed into two subproblems and solved using the successive convex approximation (SCA) method. Based on the above methods, this paper proposes an overall iterative optimization algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm surpasses the conventional baseline algorithms in terms of system EE. Furthermore, they elucidate the correlation between the amount of information received by the receiver and the variations in the satellite's orbital altitude.
  • NETWORKS & SECURITY
    Zhu Hailong, Huang Tao, Zhang Yi, Chen Ning, Zhang Peiying
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    With the rapid development of intelligent cyber-physical systems (ICPS), diverse services with varying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements have brought great challenges to traditional network resource allocation. Furthermore, given the open environment and a multitude of devices, enhancing the security of ICPS is an urgent concern. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel trusted virtual network embedding (T-VNE) approach for ICPS based combining blockchain and edge computing technologies. Additionally, the proposed algorithm leverages a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) model to optimize decision-making processes. It employs the policy-gradient-based agent to compute candidate embedding nodes and utilizes a breadth-first search (BFS) algorithm to determine the optimal embedding paths. Finally, through simulation experiments, the efficacy of the proposed method was validated, demonstrating outstanding performance in terms of security, revenue generation, and virtual network request (VNR) acceptance rate.
  • NETWORKS & SECURITY
    Chen Xiao, Tian Xiang, Luo Ruidan, Liu Ting, Wu Haitao
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    The satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) provides differential and integrity augmentation services for life safety fields of aviation and navigation. However, the signal structure of SBAS is public, which incurs a risk of spoofing attacks. To improve the anti-spoofing capability of the SBAS, European Union and the United States conduct research on navigation message authentication, and promote the standardization of SBAS message authentication. For the development of Beidou satellite-based augmentation system (BDSBAS), this paper proposes navigation message authentication based on the Chinese commercial cryptographic standards. Firstly, this paper expounds the architecture and principles of the SBAS message authentication, and then carries out the design of timed efficient streaming loss-tolerant authentication scheme (TESLA) and elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA) authentication schemes based on Chinese commercial cryptographic standards, message arrangement and the design of over-the-air rekeying (OTAR) message. Finally, this paper conducts a theoretical analysis of the time between authentications (TBA) and maximum authentication latency (MAL) for L5 TESLA-I and L5 ECDSA-Q, and further simulates the reception time of OTAR message, TBA and MAL from the aspects of OTAR message weight and demodulation error rate. The simulation results can provide theoretical supports for the standardization of BDSBAS message authentication.
  • NETWORKS & SECURITY
    Chai Ze, Gao Zhipeng, Yang Yang, Lin Yijing, Li Huangqi, Rui Lanlan
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    Practical byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) can reduce energy consumption and achieve high throughput compared with the traditional PoW algorithm, which is more suitable for a strongly consistent consortium blockchain. However, due to the frequent communication among nodes, PBFT cannot realize scalability in large-scale networks. Existing PBFT-based algorithms still ignore performance and security. Therefore, we propose a secure and efficient practical byzantine fault tolerance based on double layers and multi copies (DM-PBFT). We design a reputation evaluation and node scheduling method for DM-PBFT. And then we propose an adaptive node scheduling strategy based on the derived threshold values after analyzing the system communication complexity and security. Combining the above research, a node dynamic adjustment mechanism is proposed to freeze or adjust the node operation status according to the system environment. Simulation experiments show that the proposed mechanism can improve efficiency and increase the system's throughput.
  • EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES & APPLICATIONS
  • EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES & APPLICATIONS
    Wang Xiyu, Huang Yixuan, Yang Jie, Han Yu, Jin Shi
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    Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) not only assist communication but also help the localization of user equipment (UE). This study focuses on indoor localization of UE with a single access point (AP) and multiple RISs. First, we propose a two-stage channel estimation scheme where RIS phase shifts are tuned to obtain multiple channel soundings. In the first stage, the newtonized orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm extracts the parameters of multiple paths from the received signals. Then, the LOS path and RIS-reflected paths are identified. In the second stage, the estimated path gains of RIS-reflected paths with different phase shifts are utilized to determine the angle of arrival (AOA) at the RIS by obtaining the angular pseudo spectrum. Consequently, by taking the AP and RISs as reference points, the linear least squares estimator can locate UE with the estimated AOAs. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can realize centimeter-level localization accuracy in the discussed scenarios. Moreover, the higher accuracy of pseudo spectrum, a larger number of channel soundings, and a larger number of reference points can realize higher localization accuracy of UE.
  • EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES & APPLICATIONS
    Mao Yanfang, Zhang Yang, Cheng Bo, Zhao Shuai, Chen Junliang
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    Ensuring an information fabric safe is critical and mandatory. For its related Internet of Things (IoT) service system running on the open Internet, existing host-based monitoring methods may fail due to only inspecting software, and the physical system may not be able to be protected. In this paper, a non-intrusive virtual machine (VM)-based runtime protection framework is provided to protect the physical system with the isolated IoT services as a controlling means. Compared with existing solutions, the framework gets inconsistent and untrusted observation knowledge from multiple observation sources, and enforces property policies concurrently and incrementally in a competing-game way to avoid compositional problems. In addition, the monitoring is implemented without any modification to the protected system. Experiments are conducted to validate the proposed techniques.
  • EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES & APPLICATIONS
    Guo Pengcheng, Yu Miao, Gu Miaomiao, Ren Bingyin
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    In this paper, we propose a novel graph signal processing convolution recurrent network (GSP CRN) for signal enhancement against high suppressive interference (HSI) in wireless communications. GSPCRN consists of the short-time graph signal processing (SGSP) approach and a modified convolution recurrent network. Similar to the traditional short-time time-frequency transformation, SGSP frames the complex-valued communication signal and transforms it to the graph-domain representations, where the connection and weight flexibility of each vertex are fully taken into account. In the presence of HSI, SGSP can extract signal features from new graph-domain dimensions and empower neural networks for weak signal enhancement. Two SGSP methods, adjacency singular value decomposition and implicit graph transformation, are designed to capture relationships among the sampling points in the segmented signals. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed GSPCRN outperforms existing classic methods in extracting weak signals from the HSI environment. When the interference-to-signal ratio exceeds 27dB, only our proposed GSPCRN can achieve the interference mitigation.
  • EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES & APPLICATIONS
    Gong Yu, Gong Pengwei, Jiang He, Xie Wen, Wang Chenxi, Xu Peijun
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    Nowadays, advances in communication technology and cloud computing have spawned a variety of smart mobile devices, which will generate a great amount of computing-intensive businesses, and require corresponding resources of computation and communication. Multiaccess edge computing (MEC) can offload computing-intensive tasks to the nearby edge servers, which alleviates the pressure of devices. Ultra-dense network (UDN) can provide effective spectrum resources by deploying a large number of micro base stations. Furthermore, network slicing can support various applications in different communication scenarios. Therefore, this paper integrates the ultra-dense network slicing and the MEC technology, and introduces a hybrid computing offloading strategy in order to satisfy various quality of service (QoS) of edge devices. In order to dynamically allocate limited resources, the above problem is formulated as multiagent distributed deep reinforcement learning (DRL), which will achieve low overhead computation offloading strategy and real-time resource allocation decisions. In this context, federated learning is added to train DRL agents in a distributed manner, where each agent is dedicated to exploring actions composed of offloading decisions and allocating resources, so as to jointly optimize system delay and energy consumption. Simulation results show that the proposed learning algorithm has better performance compared with other strategies in literature.
  • EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES & APPLICATIONS
    Sun Pengzhan, Ren Yinlin, Shao Sujie, Yang Chao, Qiu Xuesong
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    With more and more IoT terminals being deployed in various power grid business scenarios, terminal reliability has become a practical challenge that threatens the current security protection architecture. Most IoT terminals have security risks and vulnerabilities, and limited resources make it impossible to deploy costly security protection methods on the terminal. In order to cope with these problems, this paper proposes a lightweight trust evaluation model TCL, which combines three network models, TCN, CNN, and LSTM, with stronger feature extraction capability and can score the reliability of the device by periodically analyzing the traffic behavior and activity logs generated by the terminal device, and the trust evaluation of the terminal's continuous behavior can be achieved by combining the scores of different periods. After experiments, it is proved that TCL can effectively use the traffic behaviors and activity logs of terminal devices for trust evaluation and achieves F1-score of 95.763, 94.456, 99.923, and 99.195 on HDFS, BGL, N-BaIoT, and KDD99 datasets, respectively, and the size of TCL is only 91KB, which can achieve similar or better performance than CNN-LSTM, RobustLog and other methods with less computational resources and storage space.