China Communications

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    REVIEW PAPER
  • REVIEW PAPER
    Joint Radar and Communication: A Survey
    Zhiyong Feng, Zixi Fang, Zhiqing Wei, Xu Chen, Zhi Quan, Danna Ji
    2020, 17(1): 1-27.
    Abstract ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Joint radar and communication (JRC) technology has become important for civil and military applications for decades. This paper introduces the concepts, characteristics and advantages of JRC technology, presenting the typical applications that have benefited from JRC technology currently and in the future. This paper explores the state-of-the-art of JRC in the levels of coexistence, cooperation, co-design and collaboration. Compared to previous surveys, this paper reviews the entire trends that drive the development of radar sensing and wireless communication using JRC. Specifically, we explore an open research issue on radar and communication operating with mutual benefits based on collaboration, which represents the fourth stage of JRC evolution. This paper provides useful perspectives for future researches of JRC technology.
    • COMMUNICATIONS THEORIES & SYSTEMS
  • COMMUNICATIONS THEORIES & SYSTEMS
    Incentive Scheme for Slice Cooperation Based on D2D Communication in 5G Networks
    Qian Sun, Lin Tian, Yiqing Zhou, Jinglin Shi, Zongshuai Zhang
    2020, 17(1): 28-41.
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    In the 5th generation (5G) wireless communication networks, network slicing emerges where network operators (NPs) form isolated logical slices by the same cellular network infrastructure and spectrum resource. In coverage regions of access points (APs) shared by slices, device to device (D2D) communication can occur among different slices, i.e., one device acts as D2D relay for another device serving by a different slice, which is defined as slice cooperation in this paper. Since selfish slices will not help other slices by cooperation voluntarily and unconditionally, this paper designs a novel resource allocation scheme to stimulate slice cooperation. The main idea is to encourage slice to perform cooperation for other slices by rewarding it with higher throughput. The proposed incentive scheme for slice cooperation is formulated by an optimal problem, where cooperative activities are introduced to the objective function. Since optimal solutions of the formulated problem are long term statistics, though can be obtained, a practical online slice scheduling algorithm is designed, which can obtain optimal solutions of the formulated maximal problem. Lastly, the throughput isolation indexes are defined to evaluate isolation performance of slice. According to simulation results, the proposed incentive scheme for slice cooperation can stimulate slice cooperation effectively, and the isolation of slice is also simulated and discussed.
  • COMMUNICATIONS THEORIES & SYSTEMS
    Adaptive Delay Optimization of Multicast-Enabled Coded Caching in Device-to-Device Networks
    Liang Zhong, Xueqian Zheng, Jie Lin, Yang Cao, Shenggen Ju
    2020, 17(1): 42-48.
    Abstract ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    This letter investigates a delay optimization problem in device-to-device (D2D) networks where users have pre-downloaded subfiles following a coded caching rule. Due to acquiring rest subfiles, users may suffer both receiving and transmitting delays. To achieve the delay minimization, we first propose a delay-aware mode-selection strategy to adaptively choose multicast or D2D communications mode to reduce the receiving-caused delay. By matching these transmit modes with distinct subfile sizes, we further formulate a min-max optimization problem to minimize the delivery delay. Finally, numerical results prove that the proposed scheme outperforms existing ones in terms of both receiving and transmitting delays.
  • COMMUNICATIONS THEORIES & SYSTEMS
    Hybrid Channel Access Mechanism Based on Coexistence Scenario of NR-Unlicensed
    Zhening Zhang, Jingyi Chen, Mingyang Dong, Yuehong Gao, Jingjing Wang
    2020, 17(1): 49-62.
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    With the rapid development of 5G NR (New Radio), the explosive increment of traffic amount is calling the utilization of unlicensed band. 3GPP has proposed LAA (Licensed Assisted Access) to use LTE in unlicensed band and pointed out that NR-U (NR-Unlicensed) can reuse most designs of it. However, the existing channel access mechanism of LAA is conservative under the coexistence scenario of NR-U, which leads to the waste of time resource. To address the problem this paper proposes a hybrid channel access mechanism to take advantage of the LBT (Listen-Before-Talk) mechanism of LAA when channel is quite busy and transmit directly with reduced power when it is relatively idle. The channel busy degree is judged by a series of periodically updated adaptive thresholds. System-level simulation verifies that under the coexistence scenario of NR-U the proposed mechanism can achieve higher UPT (User Perceived Throughput) and lower delay than other channel access mechanisms.
  • COMMUNICATIONS THEORIES & SYSTEMS
    TOA-Based NLOS Error Mitigation Algorithm for 3D Indoor Localization
    Weigang Wang, Yunwei Zhang, Longbin Tian
    2020, 17(1): 63-72.
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    In the process of indoor localization, the existence of the non-line of sight (NLOS) error will greatly reduce the localization accuracy. To reduce the impact of this error, a 3 dimensional (3D) indoor localization algorithm named LMR (LLS-Minimum-Residual) is proposed in this paper. We first estimate the NLOS error and use it to correct the measurement distances, and then calculate the target location with linear least squares (LLS) solution. The final nodes location can be obtained accurately by NLOS error mitigation. Our algorithm can work efficiently in both indoor 2D and 3D environments. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has better performance than traditional algorithms and it can significantly improve the localization accuracy.
    • NETWORKS & SECURITY
  • NETWORKS & SECURITY
    A Novel Secure Data Transmission Scheme in Industrial Internet of Things
    Hongwen Hui, Chengcheng Zhou, Shenggang Xu, Fuhong Lin
    2020, 17(1): 73-88.
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    The industrial Internet of Things (IoT) is a trend of factory development and a basic condition of intelligent factory. It is very important to ensure the security of data transmission in industrial IoT. Applying a new chaotic secure communication scheme to address the security problem of data transmission is the main contribution of this paper. The scheme is proposed and studied based on the synchronization of different-structure fractional-order chaotic systems with different order. The Lyapunov stability theory is used to prove the synchronization between the fractional-order drive system and the response system. The encryption and decryption process of the main data signals is implemented by using the n-shift encryption principle. We calculate and analyze the key space of the scheme. Numerical simulations are introduced to show the effectiveness of theoretical approach we proposed.
  • NETWORKS & SECURITY
    Efficient Deployment of Multiple UAVs for IoT Communication in Dynamic Environment
    Haibo Dai, Haiyang Zhang, Chunguo Li, Baoyun Wang
    2020, 17(1): 89-103.
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    The application of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-mounted base stations is emerging as an effective solution to provide wireless communication service for a target region containing some smart objects (SOs) in internet of things (IoT). This paper investigates the efficient deployment problem of multiple UAVs for IoT communication in dynamic environment. We first define a measurement of communication performance of UAV-to-SO in the target region which is regarded as the optimization objective. The state of one SO is active when it needs to transmit or receive the data; otherwise, silent. The switch of two different states is implemented with a certain probability that results in a dynamic communication environment. In the dynamic environment, the active states of SOs cannot be known by UAVs in advance and only neighbouring UAVs can communicate with each other. To overcome these challenges in the deployment, we leverage a game-theoretic learning approach to solve the position-selected problem. This problem is modeled a stochastic game, which is proven that it is an exact potential game and exists the best Nash equilibria (NE). Furthermore, a distributed position optimization algorithm is proposed, which can converge to a pure-strategy NE. Numerical results demonstrate the excellent performance of our proposed algorithm.
  • NETWORKS & SECURITY
    Aggregator Based RPL for an IoT-Fog Based Power Distribution System with 6LoWPAN
    Rijo Jackson Tom, Suresh Sankaranarayanan, Victor Hugo C.de Albuquerque, Joel J.P.C.Rodrigues
    2020, 17(1): 104-117.
    Abstract ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) forms an important part in Smart Grids. Routing the data effectively from smart meters to the Edge/Fog node requires an efficient routing protocol. Routing Protocol for Low Power Lossy Area Network (RPL) is a standard routing protocol for IPv6 over Low Power Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN). In a Power Distribution system all the smart meters together form 6LoWPAN network. They communicate with the fog router, which acts as the 6LoWPAN gateway. ContikiRPL was evaluated using Cooja Network simulator for a power distribution network topology. The nodes which were far away from the fog node gave low Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and large End to End delay. This paper proposes an aggregation RPL scheme by modifying the existing Contiki RPL. The smart meter nodes communicate to the aggregator, which communicates to the fog node. The results show that the aggregation scheme has 35.6% increase in PDR, lesser hop count and 13.24% decrease in End to End delay on an average compared to existing RPL.
    • SIGNAL PROCESSING
  • SIGNAL PROCESSING
    Fragmental Weight-Conservation Combining Scheme for Statistical Signal Transmissions under Fast Time-Varying Channels
    Xingwei Wang, Ting Zhou, Tianheng Xu, Songlin Feng, Honglin Hu, Yanliang Jin
    2020, 17(1): 118-128.
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    Statistical Signal Transmission (SST) is a technique based on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and adopts cyclostationary features, which can transmit extra information without additional bandwidth. However, the more complicated environment in 5G communication systems, especially the fast time-varying scenarios, will dramatically degrade the performance of the SST. In this paper, we propose a fragmental weight-conservation combining (FWCC) scheme for SST, to overcome its performance degradation under fast time-varying channels. The proposed FWCC scheme consists of three phases: 1) incise the received OFDM stream into pieces; 2) endue different weights for fine and contaminated pieces, respectively; 3) combine cyclic autocorrelation function energies of all the pieces; and 4) compute the final feature and demodulate data of SST. Through these procedures above, the detection accuracy of SST will be theoretically refined under fast time-varying channels. Such an inference is confirmed through numerical results in this paper. It is demonstrated that the BER performance of proposed scheme outperforms that of the original scheme both in ideal channel estimation conditions and in imperfect channel estimation conditions. In addition, we also find the experiential optimal weight distribution strategy for the proposed FWCC scheme, which facilitates practical applications.
  • SIGNAL PROCESSING
    Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation for FM and Symbiotic FM Radio Data System Hybrid Signal
    Fei Wang, Xi Chen, Aidong Men, Lei Zhang, Sheng Wu
    2020, 17(1): 129-139.
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    The symbiotic FM radio data system (SRDS) is a radio data system that a specially designed OFDM signal co-lives with FM signal, which enables a significantly higher data rate than existing radio data systems. The cyclic prefix of the OFDM symbol has the same length as the OFDM body, which enables the analytic separation of the co-channel OFDM and FM signal at receiver side, utilizing the fact that the OFDM body and prefix is equal. In this work, we show that the OFDM body and prefix cannot be viewed as equal when there is sufficient carrier frequency offset (CFO). Thus, we propose a two-step CFO estimation algorithm for FM and SRDS hybrid signal. The first step estimates the coarse CFO by exploring the characteristics of the FM signal. Once the coarse CFO is removed, the residual CFO is small enough for FM and OFDM separation. The second step fine estimates CFO from the OFDM-only signal using its repeated PN structure after the separation. Detailed mathematical equations are formulated and simulation results are given. The results show that the proposed algorithm works fine with the simulation setup and has a final residual CFO less than 3.9Hz.
  • SIGNAL PROCESSING
    Radiation Tolerant Viterbi Decoders for On-Board Processing (OBP) in Satellite Communications
    Zhen Gao, Lina Yan, Jinhua Zhu, Ruishi Han, Ullah Anees, Reviriego Pedro
    2020, 17(1): 140-150.
    Abstract ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Modern satellite communication systems require on-board processing (OBP) for performance improvements, and SRAM-FPGAs are an attractive option for OBP implementation. However, SRAM-FPGAs are sensitive to radiation effects, among which single event upsets (SEUs) are important as they can lead to data corruption and system failure. This paper studies the fault tolerance capability of a SRAM-FPGA implemented Viterbi decoder to SEUs on the user memory. Analysis and fault injection experiments are conducted to verify that over 97% of the SEUs on user memory would not lead to output errors. To achieve a better reliability, selective protection schemes are then proposed to further improve the reliability of the decoder to SEUs on user memory with very small overhead. Although the results are obtained for a specific FPGA implementation, the developed reliability estimation model and the general conclusions still hold for other implementations.
    • EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES & APPLICATIONS
  • EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES & APPLICATIONS
    Performance Evaluation for Medium Voltage MIMO-OFDM Power Line Communication System
    Yingxue Li, Min Zhang, Wenguang Zhu, Mengyuan Cheng, Cheng Zhou, Yongpeng Wu
    2020, 17(1): 151-162.
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    Power line communication (PLC) provides intelligent electrical functions such as power quality measurement, fault surveys, and remote control of electrical network. Most of research works have been done in low voltage (LV) scenario due to the fast development of in-home PLC. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the link-level performance of a medium voltage (MV) MIMO-OFDM communication system based on transmission link under underground power line channel. The MIMO channel is modeled as a modified multipath model in the presence of impulsive noise and background noise. We first perform a measurement on the practical MV MIMO channel parameters for a section of buried cable of 1 km long in Ganzhou city, Jiangxi province, China. Based on the measured channel, we design the frame structure based on an IEEE standard for broadband over power line networks [1] to support MV MIMO-OFDM transmission. According to designed frame structure, we design an encoder and a decoder for a dual binary tail-biting turbo code and optimize some key decoder parameters for low bit error rate performance. Finally, the link-level performance for both spatial multiplexing and spatial diversity are evaluated. Numeral results show that MV MIMO-OFDM is a promising approach to provide both high data rate and link reliability for PLC.
  • EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES & APPLICATIONS
    Square Geometrical Shaping 128QAM Based Time Domain Hybrid Modulation in Visible Light Communication System
    Peng Zou, Yiheng Zhao, Fangchen Hu, Nan Chi
    2020, 17(1): 163-173.
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    We proposed two kinds of visible light communication(VLC) systems which respectively based on 64QAM/square geometrical shaping(SGS) 128QAM time domain hybrid modulation scheme (SGSHY) and 64QAM/128QAM time domain hybrid modulation scheme (REGHY). These two systems can operate around specific forward error correction (FEC) threshold and maximize the achievable information rate (AIR) of the system. The principles of SGSHY and REGHY are proposed in detail, which has very low computation complexity compared with probabilistic shaping. The SGSHY outperforms REGHY at high peak to peak voltage (Vpp). Experimental results show that at high Vpp like 1.4V, which means the system is suffering from high nonlinear distortion, the AIR of SGSHY outperforms that of REGHY by 0.12Gb/s at the 2×10-2 FEC threshold. The AIR of the REGHY is at most 0.36Gb/s higher than that of 64QAM at 0.8V Vpp and 7% FEC threshold, while the (achievable information rate) AIR of SGSHY is at most 0.40Gb/s higher than that of 64QAM at 1.4V Vpp and 20% FEC threshold.
  • EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES & APPLICATIONS
    Finding an Effective Distance Between T-Cell and B-Cell Using S/W ARQ in an Immune System Communication
    Sanjit Ningthoujam, Tekcham Chingkheinganba, Swarnendu K Chakraborty
    2020, 17(1): 174-185.
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    In this paper, we present the effective distance between T-cell and B-cell in an immune system using Stop and Wait (S/W) Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ). The concentration of the molecules can be increased by increasing the transmitting number of molecules but it may reduce the performance of communication due to higher collision or interference with other molecules. It is also reported in the literature that the concentration of the emitted molecules reduces if the distance from Transmitter (Tx) to Receiver (Rx) increases. Thus, this paper mainly focuses on enhancing the receiver’s capture probability and higher successful complete transmission of the desired molecules by obtaining the effective distance from T-cell to B-cell. In order to find the effective distance, T-cell transmits the molecules 1 (Interleukins-2) to B-cell, upon successful reception of molecules 1, antibodies (molecules 2) transmit back to T-cell. Then, the effective distance of an immune system can be obtained after T-cell detects the concentration of the molecules 2 with respect to time. Different schemes of S/W ARQ protocols have implemented in Molecular Communication (MC) but it requires retransmission of duplicate copies due to the lack of addressing an effective distance. Thus, the simulations are performed in MATLAB and the results obtain higher capture probability and also successful complete transmission of the desired molecules.